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Do you have a positive view of people who use complementary and alternative medicine or are you somewhat suspicious of them?
Do you think using complementary and alternative medicine is a good idea? If so, under what circumstances? If not, why not?
1 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1
Chapter 8 Considering Alternative Approaches
[Author Name], [Book Title], [#] Edition. © [Insert Year] Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
2 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Objectives (1 of 4)
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Define the terms conventional medicine, alternative medicine, complementary medicine, and integrative medicine and give an example of each
• Contrast the assumptions that underlie the practice of conventional medicine in the United States with those that underlie Traditional Chinese Medicine
• Compare the philosophy that is the basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine with Ayurvedic medicine
• Contrast natural products and drugs by describing of the origins of each
• Contrast natural products and drugs by evaluating the effectiveness of each
3 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Objectives (2 of 4)
• Contrast natural products and drugs by evaluating of risks of each
• Analyze the recent popular diet plans (i. e., Atkins, DASH, etc.) designed to improve health, focusing on the effectiveness and safety of these diets
• Contrast transcendental and mindfulness meditation, pointing out the similarities as well as the differences
• Contrast the practice of yoga with the practice of tai chi, explaining the origins, popularity, and types of movements involved in each
• Explain how gaining control over autonomic processes could be beneficial to individuals who experience chronic stress, high blood pressure, and migraine headaches
4 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Objectives (3 of 4)
• Trace the increase of CAM usage in the United States over the past 20 years
• Analyze the influence of culture and geography in the acceptance and use of CAM
• Describe two personal factors that increase the likelihood of CAM use
• Describe the challenges that CAM researchers face in establishing the effectiveness of alternative medicine treatments
• Evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of meditation, movement-based practices, and acupuncture as treatment for stress and anxiety
• Evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of meditation, acupuncture, massage, chiro-practic treatments, biofeedback, and hypnosis as treatments for pain
5 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Objectives (4 of 4)
• Describe three limitations to the use of CAM
• Explain how integrative medicine attempts to create a system with “the best of both worlds.”
6 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6
Alternative Medical Systems 8.1
7 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine originated in China about 2,000 years ago. It states that a vital force called qi (pronounced “chee” and occasionally written as “chi”), animates the body. Qi flows through channels in the body call meridians which connect parts of the body to each other and to the universe as a whole.
Keeping qi balanced is important. If it is blocked or out of balance it can lead to disease.
8 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Acupuncture
The first component of TCM to gain widespread publicity in the west was Acupuncture around 1971.
About 1.5% of people in the United States have reported that they have used acupuncture.
It consists of inserting needles into specific points of the body and continually stimulating them by either turning them or using electricity.
9 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Acupressure
Similar to acupuncture in that it focuses on the same points in the body, but instead of using needles, it uses pressure to achieve similar results.
Both Acupuncture and Acupressure are used to unblock the flow of qi to help balance the body.
Acupressure also makes use of a massage technique called tui na. This can be used to stimulate or subdue qi, depending on what is required. Traditional Chinese Medicine holds that this process regulates the nervous system, boots immune function, and helps flush wastes out of the system.
10 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Ayurveda
Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient system that arose in India.
The goal of is to integrate and balance the body, mind, and spirit.
Patients may receive direction to change behaviors to reduce worry and increase harmony. Yoga is part of this element.
Less than 1% of Americans have sought out Ayurvedic medicine.
11 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11
Alternative Products and Diets 8.2
12 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Alternative Products
Supplementing the diet to improve health is ancient. Currently, millions take vitamin and mineral supplements to stay healthy. While some of these are recommended by current doctors, there are other alternative treatments out there.
In the United States many of these products are not regulated by the FDA and are considered a food item, meaning that no studies of effectiveness have been done, but they do have to be safe.
Some examples of alternative supplements are echinacea for cold and flue, glucosamine for osteoarthritis, melatonin to promote sleep, and more.
13 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Alternative Diets
A proper diet will help promote a healthy body and keep the immune system strong.
Some people use specialized diets to reach a particular goal, such as diets for weight loss, vegetarian diets that avoid meats, vegan diets that avoid all animal products, and others.
The American Heart Association and American Cancer Society both recommend limiting meats for health reasons.
Vegetarians and vegans must carefully plan meals to make certain they are receiving all the necessary protein and calcium they require.
14 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14
Manipulative Practices 8.3
15 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chiropractic Treatment
Chiropractic Treatment was founded in 1895 by David Palmer.
It’s based on the idea that manipulating the spine was the key to curing and preventing illness as well as aligning bone structures to better manage pain or repetitive motion disorders.
Chiropractors may prescribe exercise, dietary changes, and dietary supplements.
While there was a rivalry between medical doctors and chiropractors early on, that has been diminishing and now medical doctors may recommend chiropractic treatment for certain conditions.
16 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Massage
Whereas Chiropractic treatment focuses on the spine and joints, massage focuses on the tissues that connect all the bones and joints.
Massage is now recognized as an alternative therapy used to control stress and pain.
Writings about massage go back to 2,000 BCE, and mentioned by Hippocrates and Galen.
There are different types of massage that are used for various ailments.
Massage has appeared in ancient times across multiple cultures and traditional medicines, like Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurvedic medicine.
17 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17
Mind-Body Medicine 8.4
18 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Meditation and Yoga (1 of 2)
Mind-body medicine refers to a variety of techniques based on the notion that the brain, mind, body, and behavior interact in complex ways.
Most meditative approaches originated in Asia as part of religious practices. The mind- body approaches to meditation typically have no religious connotations. Various types of meditation exist.
Transcendental Meditation – originated in the Vedic tradition in India. Focusing on and repeating a single word while sitting with eyes closed and relaxed muscles helps one’s head remain clear of distracting thoughts.
Mindfulness Meditation – Rooted in ancient Buddhist practices, it has recently become a modern stress reduction practice.
19 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Guided Imagery – While it shares some elements with mediation, people conjure up a calm, peaceful image and concentrate on that for the duration of an unpleasant experience.
Yoga – Yoga has its origins in India but is now part of mind-body practice. It includes physical postures, breathing, and meditation to help balance the body, mind, and spirit. Hatha Yoga is the most common in the United States and Europe.
Meditation and Yoga (2 of 2)
20 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Qi Gong and Tai Chi
Qi Gong involves the practice or cultivation of the qi by postures and simple movements that channel vital energy and restore balance. Researchers have investigated the physical existence of qi, with claims that the practice of qi gong creates measurable changes in thermal and electrical energy.
Tai Chi is one category of qi gong form, which has evolved from a martial art with a long, but disputed history. It is now used to cultivate the balance between the yin and the yang and thus promote health. It is also used in balance training and fall prevention and can hep manage chronic conditions like pulmonary disease and cardiac conditions.
21 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Biofeedback
Biofeedback is the process of providing feedback information about the status of biological systems.
Attempt to control physiological responses, such as lowering heart rate
Electromyograph feedback is used to help people control low back pain and headaches by helping to decrease muscle tension
Thermal biofeedback uses a temperature-sensitive resistor on the skin’s surface that signals changes in temperature, providing information for control
22 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypnotic Treatment
Modern hypnosis is usually traced to the last part of the 18th century, when Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer conducted elaborate demonstrations in Paris.
It is currently a topic of debate. Brain imaging studies tend to support the view that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness, but a study that compared hypnotic to nonhypnotic suggestion, both types were comparably effective.
23 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Physiology and Mind-Body Medicine
Research has been validating the extent to which mind-body medicine lives up to its name.
Brain imaging studies have helped to clarify what happens when a person relaxes and meditates. There is some proof that meditation may have the capability to delay or even reverse some of the brain changes that occur through aging.
Additionally, stress reduction through mindfulness meditation and qi gong improves several immune system components, demonstrating routes through which meditation and qi gong might improve health.
24 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24
Who Uses Complementary and Alternative Medicine?
8.5
25 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Culture, Ethnicity, and Gender
The use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has grown in popularity over the past several decades, but it’s use is widely varied across countries, genders, and cultural beliefs.
Recent immigrants are less likely to use CAM than immigrants who have been living in the United States for years.
Asian immigrants use CAM more than non-Hispanic European Americans, and Asians in Canada use CAM more frequently than the Canadian population in general.
In all ethnic groups, women tend to be the ones more likely to make use of CAM.
26 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Motivations for Seeking Alternative Treatment
Research suggests that people use CAM when the techniques are compatible with their personal worldviews and concerns about health. Young men with strong beliefs in science were less likely to use CAM than others.
People with less faith in conventional medicine and stronger beliefs in the role of attitude and emotion in health are more likely to try CAM.
When conventional medicine has not produced results, they may turn to alternative medicine.
It is more likely that people use CAM in addition to conventional medicine.
27 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27
How Effective Are Alternative Treatments?
8.6
28 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Effectiveness of CAMS
Alternative treatments lack sufficient evidence to prove their effectiveness. A great deal of controversy exists concerning fair evaluation of alternative medicine.
Proponents of conventional medical science believe the only way to effectively evaluate is through a double-blind study.
Unfortunately, many alternative treatments do not lend themselves to placebo control and blinding as easily as drug treatments do.
29 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Alternative Treatments for Anxiety, Stress, and Depression
A systematic review of meditation for stress and stress-related health problems indicated benefits large enough to have clinical significance.
Transcendental meditation and yoga also show clinically significant findings to demonstrate that they are also effective treatments for managing anxiety and depression.
In addition, Acupuncture and qi gong have shown to help with depression.
An alternative supplement that has shown clinical significance in the fight against depression is St. John’s Wort, which can be just as effective as antidepressants for mild to moderate depression with fewer side effects.
30 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Alternative Treatments for Pain
CAM treatments for pain may include tai chi, guided imagery, qi gong, massage and acupuncture have all shown clinical response to lower pain.
Acupuncture is a better established as a pain treatment over others.
Massage has been shown as a good way to reduce all pain except cancer pain.
Chiropractic manipulation also has a good record when it comes to pain management.
Recent research into biofeedback and hypnotic treatment have shown some applications in controlling pain, though not all types of pain.
31 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.© 2018 Cengage
Alternative Treatments for Other Conditions
32 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Limitations of Alternative Therapies
One of the primary limitations is the lack of information on the effectiveness of the treatments.
The most common types of CAM in the United States are TCM, Ayurvedic medicine, naturopathy, and homeopathy.
Herbal supplements may interfere with prescription and over the counter medications.
As herbal supplements are considered food and not medicine, they are only checked for safety, not effectiveness.
Not all alternative therapies are effective for everybody.
33 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Integrative Medicine
Integrating conventional and alternative medicine is what an increasing number of practitioners of alternative and conventional medicine envision for optimal health.
This approach is most people attempt when they choose techniques and products from both conventional and alternative medicines.
Many use alternative treatments without consulting their doctors, which makes doctors suspicious. This can lead to supplement and medication interactions which could cause problems.
More and more, however, we see certain CAMs being integrated by conventional doctors, and even recommended by them.
34 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Self Assessment
• What types of CAM practices were the most challenging for you to understand?
• What types of alternative medicine practices are of most interest to you? Which might you consider for yourself or recommend to others? Why?
• What do you think of the various complementary practices? Which might you consider for yourself or recommend to others? Why?
35 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35
Summary
36 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Summary (1 of 4)
Now that you’ve completed this chapter, you should be able to:
• Define the terms conventional medicine, alternative medicine, complementary medicine, and integrative medicine and give an example of each
• Contrast the assumptions that underlie the practice of conventional medicine in the United States with those that underlie Traditional Chinese Medicine
• Compare the philosophy that is the basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine with Ayurvedic medicine
• Contrast natural products and drugs by describing of the origins of each
• Contrast natural products and drugs by evaluating the effectiveness of each
37 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Summary (2 of 4)
• Contrast natural products and drugs by evaluating of risks of each
• Analyze the recent popular diet plans (i. e., Atkins, DASH, etc.) designed to improve health, focusing on the effectiveness and safety of these diets
• Contrast transcendental and mindfulness meditation, pointing out the similarities as well as the differences
• Contrast the practice of yoga with the practice of tai chi, explaining the origins, popularity, and types of movements involved in each
• Explain how gaining control over autonomic processes could be beneficial to individuals who experience chronic stress, high blood pressure, and migraine headaches
38 Brannon, Updegraff & Feist, Health Psychology, 10th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Summary (3 of 4)
• Trace the increase of CAM usage in the United States over the past 20 years
• Analyze the influence of culture and geography in the acceptance and use of CAM
• Describe two personal factors that increase the likelihood of CAM use
• Describe the challenges that CAM researchers face in establishing the effectiveness of alternative medicine treatments
• Evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of meditation, movement-based practices, and acupuncture as treatment for stress and anxiety
• Evaluate the evidence f